Recursos da União para as práticas corporais e atividades físicas no SUS: análise do ciclo governamental 2019-2022 / Federal government budgetary and financial resources for body practices and physical activities in the Unified Health System: analysis of the 2019-2022 governmental cycle

Resumo Por meio de pesquisa quantitativa de caráter exploratório, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de analisar o orçamento e o financiamento federal de programas e ações de promoção das práticas corporais e atividades físicas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de 2019 a 2022 (Programa Academia da Saúde e o Incentivo Federal de Custeio da Atividade Física na Atenção Primária). Foram analisados e calculados os valores per capita, pela população coberta pela atenção primária e por participante de programas públicos. Os recursos efetivamente pagos foram de 3,31% a 15,06% menores dos que os aprovados no orçamento (nominal), e também foram identificados os baixos valores (máximos) anuais, independentemente se nominal ou deflacionado per capita (R$ 0,21 a 0,30) por população coberta pela atenção primária (R$ 0,25 a 0,40) e por participante (R$ 10,61 a 14,61). Concluiu-se que o baixo investimento na promoção das práticas corporais e atividades físicas diminui o acesso e não contribui para o pleno funcionamento do SUS ao impedir ou dificultar a ampliação de possibilidades do cuidado integral em saúde.

Abstract Through quantitative exploratory research, the present study analyzed the amount foreseen in the Federal Budget and the amounts paid (nominal and deflated) for programs and actions to promote body practices and physical activities (Health Academy Program and the Federal Incentive for Physical Activity in Primary Health Care) from 2019 to 2022. The values of investment in body practices and physical activities in SUS per capita, according to the population covered by Primary Health Care (PHC) and per participant in public programs, were also calculated. The following was found: (1) that the resources that were actually paid were 3.31% to 15.06% lower than those approved in the budget (nominal) and (2) the low annual (maximum) values found, regardless of whether nominal or deflated - per capita (R$ 0.21 to 0.30) per population covered by PHC (R$ 0.25 to 0.40) and per participant (R$ 10.61 to 14.61). It was concluded that the low investment in the promotion of body practices and physical activities decreases access and does not contribute to the full functioning of SUS by preventing or hindering the expansion of possibilities of comprehensive health care.

Options of Funding and Ethical Clearance for Medical Researchers in India

Research forms an integral part of present world development and interest. It is the primary source of speculation and outcome-based decision making. Medical research work proves to be a big challenge in low- and middle-income countries due to the constraint of resources and capacity building. The disparities in the distribution of resources, inadequate policy implementation, and lack of prioritization of research make the research challenging. There has been an increase in medical research in India but it is not adequate when compared to other countries or areas. Medical researchers face multiple issues, mainly funding and ethical approval and are stunted by the unacceptance in high-indexed journals. In this paper, we have compiled the options for funding and ethical options and ways available for researchers in India. This will help and encourage researchers pro-actively by providing some guidance on the issues related to finance and ethics required for conducting scientific research.

Reporting of conflict of interests, source of funding, and ethics committee approval in randomized trials of three clinical specialties published in Spanish language

Background: Confidence in the results reported by randomized clinical trials (RCTs) depends mainly on the internal validity of the trial and its conduct, but also on other aspects related to health research such as the complete reporting of conflicts of interest (COI), funding sources and approval by ethics committees. Bias in the study results may arise from any one of these elements. Prior studies have explored the reporting of these items in the medical literature, but there are no reports on RCTs published in Spanish and Latin American journals. This study aimed to evaluate the reporting of COIs, funding sources, and approval by ethics committees of RCTs published in Spanish and Latin American journals in dentistry, geriatrics and neurology. Methods: We did a systematic retrospective survey of all RCTs published from 1990 to 2018 in dentistry, neurology, and geriatrics journals published in Spain and Latin America and included in the BADERI database (Iberoamerican journals and trials database by its initials in Spanish). We completed with hand searching. We included RCTs with a recoverable full text published between 1990 and 2018. We extracted data on sources of funding, COI statements, and ethics reviews. The extraction of these items in the RCTs included was done independently by two pairs of reviewers and in parallel for each article, with a third independent reviewer resolving discrepancies. We analysed compliance for each item. Results: We identified RCTs in 69 journals from Spain and Latin American countries. Dentistry accounted for 75% (n = 52) of the journals, neurology 20.6% (n = 14), and geriatrics 4.4% (n = 3). Of the total number of RCTs included in this study (n = 392), only 102 (26%) reported the presence or absence of a COI, 103 (26%) studies reported funding, and 43 (36%) included the ethics committee approval. Conclusions: RCTs published in the Spanish language in dentistry, neurology, and geriatrics had poor compliance with the reporting of a COI, source of funding, and ethics committee approval. Future research should evaluate the accuracy and completeness of COI statements and their relationship to the funding source and direction of the results.

Fundos especiais e o esporte: histórico, legislação e produção do conhecimento / Special funds and sport: history, legislation and knowledge production

Este estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica que objetivou analisar o percurso histórico, o arcabouço legal e a produção do conhecimento relativa aos fundos para o esporte no Brasil. Instituídos desde o Brasil Colonial, os fundos especiais são instrumentos de financiamento público que se disseminaram no país de maneira difusa e que possibilitam a vinculação, em lei, de determinadas receitas à despesas específicas. No setor esportivo, verificamos que tanto os fundos de esporte como mecanismo de financiamento, quanto a produção científica relativa aos fundos para o esporte são escassas. Considerando a discussão relativa à instituição de fundos nas três esferas federais, diversos desafios são levantados para o setor esportivo e para a solidificação do direito a prática esportiva no país a partir deste instrumento de financiamento público.

This study is characterized as a documentary and bibliographical research that aimed to analyze the historical course, the legal framework and the production of knowledge related to funds for sport in Brazil. Established since Colonial Brazil, special funds are public financing instruments that spread throughout the country in a diffuse way and that make it possible to link, by law, certain revenues to specific expenses. In the sports sector, we found that both sports funds as a financing mechanism and scientific production related to sports funds are scarce. Considering the discussion regarding the institution of funds in the three federal spheres, several challenges are raised for the sports sector and for the solidification of the right to practice sports in the country based on this public funding instrument.

Analysis on the funding of pharmacy administration from National Natural Science Foundation in China from 2010 to 2021 / 药学实践杂志

Objective To summarize the project and fund of Pharmacy Administration from the NSFC during 2010 to 2021 and to provide references for the funding application. Methods The data and relevant documents which related to the projects status of Pharmacy Administration on the website of NSFC were collected and analyzed by Excel. Results There were more paths which were suitable to the Pharmacy Administration in NSFC. The direction and measure were expanded. There were more interdisciplinary researchers involved in Pharmacy Administration projects, while the funded organizations and regional distribution were concentrated. Conclusion The funding situation, research hotspots and basic information of applicants in recent years were summarized through statistical data of NSFC from 2010 to 2021, which suggest that the advantage, regional characteristics, cross-discipline and the policies should be concerned by the applicants .

Analysis of the public financial investment in elite sport in chile / Análise da contribuição financeira para o esporte de elite no chile / Análisis de la contribución financiera al deporte de élite en chile

Abstract Funding is one of the most controversial areas when analyzing the likelihood of performance in elite sports. In order to establish the level of funding available in this area, it was necessary to establish certain conceptual margins with respect to elite sport and to determine the different sectors of sport that fit the proposed conceptual definition. Using a non-experimental descriptive method, based on empirical research in sports sciences and a meta-analysis strategy secondary information available on various websites of public services of Chile, together with yearbooks and information requested from entities linked to elite sport, Secondary information was collected that allowed knowing the different lines of funding from each of the factors and sub-factors of pillar 1 of the SPLISS model, proposed by De Bosscher et al. (2006) for the achievement of elite sport achievement that was part of the study. In conclusion, it can be established that a permanent increase in funding does not guarantee performance in elite sports.

Resumo O financiamento é uma das áreas mais controversas ao analisar a probabilidade de desempenho no esporte de elite. Para estabelecer o nível de financiamento disponível nesta área, foi necessário estabelecer certas margens conceituais a respeito do esporte de elite e determinar os diferentes setores do esporte que se encaixam na definição conceitual proposta. Utilizou-se um método descritivo não experimental, baseado em pesquisa empírica em ciências do esporte e uma estratégia de meta-análise, informações secundárias disponíveis em vários sites de serviços públicos do Estado do Chile, juntamente com anuários e informações solicitadas de entidades ligadas ao esporte de elite. Foram coletadas informações secundárias que permitiram conhecer as diferentes linhas de financiamento de cada um dos fatores e subfatores do pilar 1 do modelo SPLISS, proposto por De Bosscher et al. (2006) para a ocorrência de realizações esportivas de elite que fizeram parte do estudo. Em conclusão, pode-se estabelecer que um aumento permanente no financiamento não garante o desempenho no esporte de elite.

Resumen El financiamiento es uno de los aspectos más controvertidos a la hora de analizar la probabilidad de rendimiento en el deporte de élite. Para establecer el nivel de financiación disponible, fue necesario establecer ciertos márgenes conceptuales con respecto al deporte de élite y determinar los diferentes sectores del deporte que se ajustan a la definición conceptual propuesta. Se utilizó un método descriptivo no experimental basado en la investigación empírica en ciencias del deporte. Se empleó una estrategia de meta-análisis y se obtuvo información secundaria disponible en los sitios web de servicios públicos chilenos, además de anuarios e información solicitada a entidades vinculadas al deporte de élite. Esta información secundaria permitió conocer las diferentes líneas de financiamiento de cada uno de los factores y subfactores del pilar 1 del modelo SPLISS, propuesto por De Bosscher et al. (2006) para la consecución del deporte de élite que formaron parte del estudio. En conclusión, se puede establecer que un aumento permanente en la financiación no garantiza el rendimiento en el deporte de elite.

Fundo de apoio ao esporte do Distrito Federal: uma análise crítica sobre a origem, o montante e a destinação dos gastos / Federal District sports support fund: a critical analysis of the origin, amount, and allocation of expenses / Fondo de apoyo deportivo del Distrito Federal: un análisis crítico sobre el origen, el monto y la asignación de los gastos

Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar a configuração atual do Fundo de Apoio ao Esporte do Distrito Federal - FAE, a partir de uma metodologia crítica de análise do financiamento de políticas sociais. Os resultados demonstraram dependência em relação à fonte de recursos advindos das loterias federais, baixo percentual de execução financeira, predominância de financiamento de projetos focalizados no esporte de alto rendimento e descumprimento da legislação vigente na destinação dos gastos. Como conclusão, entende-se que o FAE pouco tem contribuído para a garantia do direito ao esporte no Distrito Federal.

This article aimed to analyze the current configuration of the Sports Support Fund of the Federal District - FAE, from a critical methodology for analyzing the financing of social policies. The results showed dependence on the source of resources from federal lotteries, low percentage of financial execution, the predominance of financing of projects focused on high-performance sports, and noncompliance with current legislation in the allocation of expenditures. In conclusion, it is understood that the FAE has contributed little to guarantee the right to sport in the Federal District

Este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar la configuración actual del Fondo de Apoyo al Deporte del Distrito Federal - FAE, a partir de una metodología crítica para analizar el financiamiento de las políticas sociales. Los resultados mostraron dependencia de la fuente de recursos de las loterías federales, bajo porcentaje de ejecución financiera, predominio del financiamiento de proyectos enfocados en deportes de alto rendimiento e incumplimiento de la legislación vigente en la asignación de gastos. En conclusión, se entiende que la FAE ha contribuido poco a la garantía del derecho al deporte en el Distrito Federal.

Crowdfunding como alternativa para el financiamiento de proyectos en bibliotecas: Una oportunidad frente a los recortes presupuestarios

Esta investigación nace debido a los recortes presupuestarios que sufre el sector cultural en Costa Rica, en particular como una alternativa de financiamiento a los proyectos que ejecutan las bibliotecas. Su objetivo principal es describir las oportunidades que ofrece el crowdfunding como método alternativo de financiamiento en las bibliotecas públicas y académicas para el desarrollo de proyectos sociales. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, se realiza una revisión bibliográfica con alcance descriptivo. Por tanto, se recopilan artículos y tesis sobre crowdfunding en bibliotecas públicas y académicas, asimismo es mediante el cuadro de categorías de análisis que se interpretan los principales puntos de interés para la investigación. Los resultados reflejan la efectividad y adaptabilidad de la implementación de campañas de crowdfunding de donación para la recaudación de fondos en bibliotecas de acuerdo a sus necesidades. Se concluye que en una campaña de este tipo se debe considerar el tiempo estimado para la recaudación de fondos, la adecuada gestión de las redes sociales, una excelente selección del tipo y plataforma de crowdfunding, así como de las habilidades y competencias de las personas a cargo. Los profesionales en bibliotecología deben utilizar el potencial de las TIC en tiempos de austeridad para aprovechar el crowdfunding como una alternativa de financiamiento que permite ejecutar más y mejores proyectos.

This research was born due to budget cuts suffered by the cultural sector in Costa Rica, as a financing alternative to the projects carried out by libraries. Its main objective is to describe the opportunities offered by crowdfunding as an alternative method of financing in public and academic libraries for the development of social projects. From a qualitative approach, a bibliographic review with a descriptive scope is carried out. Therefore, articles and theses on crowdfunding in public and academic libraries are compiled, through the table of analysis categories; the main points of interest for the investigation are interpreted. The results reflect the effectiveness and adaptability of the implementation of donation crowdfunding for fundraising in libraries according to their needs. It is concluded that in a campaign of this type, the estimated time for fundraising, the proper management of social networks, an excellent selection of the type and platform of crowdfunding, as well as the skills and competencies of the people involved should be considered. Library professionals must use the potential of ICT in times of austerity to take advantage of crowdfunding to execute more and better projects.

Profile of brazilian research productivity grant holders with a background in pediatric dentistry

Abstract This study outlines the profile of research productivity grant holders of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development)] in the field of pediatric dentistry. A cross-sectional study with data collected from the Brazilian academic curriculum vitae database. The eligibility criterion was being a research productivity grant holder in pediatric dentistry from 2018 to 2020. In the period of interest, 215 individuals were research productivity grant holders in the field of dentistry, 33 of whom had graduate degrees (specialization, master's or doctorate) in pediatric dentistry. The period of scientific production and work concluded of advising of scientific initiation, master, doctoral and post-doctoral degrees was 2010 to 2020. Descriptive analysis was performed and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze associations (5% significance level) between productivity grant level (2, 1D, 1C, 1B or 1A) and year of obtainment of the doctoral degree. The VOSviewer (version 1.6.17) was used to present graphically the interinstitutional collaborations. The sample was composed of Level 2 researchers (66.7%), women (66.7%), researchers linked to institutions in the southeastern region of Brazil (81.8%), with a doctoral degree concluded prior to 2002 (51.5%), began working as a professor at a higher education institution prior to 2007 (78.8%) and the title of full professor (45.5%). No significant association was found between productivity grant level and year of conclusion of the doctoral degree (p = 0.10). Median (interquartile range) of scientific articles was 119 (37-312). The prevalence of citations (57.52%) and JCR articles (62.76%) was higher among female researchers. In conclusion, CNPq research productivity grant holders in pediatric dentistry are essentially represented by females from the southeast region of the country (UFMG and USP). However, males have proportionally greater productivity.

Resumo Este estudo traça o perfil dos pesquisadores bolsistas de produtividade do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) da área de odontopediatria. Pesquisa transversal com dados coletados na base de currículos acadêmicos brasileiros. Os critérios de elegibilidade abrangeram os pesquisadores bolsistas de produtividade de 2018 a 2020. Foram identificados 215 pesquisadores bolsistas de produtividade na área de odontologia, dos quais 33 com pós-graduação (especialização, mestrado ou doutorado) em odontopediatria. O período de produção científica e trabalho de orientação concluído de iniciação científica, mestrado, doutorado e pós-doutorado foi de 2010 a 2020. Foi realizada análise descritiva e o teste de Kruskall-Wallis foi utilizado para verificar associações (nível de significância de 5%) entre nível da bolsa de produtividade (2, 1D, 1C, 1B ou 1A) e ano de obtenção do grau de doutor. O programa VOSviewer (versão 1.6.17) foi utilizado para identificar colaborações interinstitucionais. A amostra foi composta por pesquisadores de Nível 2 (66,7%), mulheres (66,7%), pesquisadores vinculados a instituições da região sudeste do Brasil (81,8%), com doutorado concluído antes de 2002 (51,5%), começaram a atuar como professor em instituição de ensino superior anterior a 2007 (78,8%) e o título de professor titular (45,5%). Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre nível de bolsa de produtividade e ano de conclusão do doutorado (p = 0,10). A mediana (intervalo interquartil) de artigos científicos foi de 119 (37-312). A prevalência de citações (57,52%) e artigos do JCR (62,76%) foi maior entre as pesquisadoras. Em conclusão, os pesquisadores bolsistas de produtividade em Odontopediatria do CNPq são representados essencialmente por mulheres da região sudeste do país. No entanto, os homens apresentaram produtividade proporcionalmente maior.

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its determinants in the Bono Region of Ghana

Objective: The study assessed willingness to accept the COVID-19 vaccine among out-patient department (OPD) attendants in the Bono Region in Ghana. Design: This was an analytical cross-sectional study Setting: The study was conducted at the Wenchi Methodist Hospital (WMH) OPD, Bono Region, Ghana. The region had not yet been earmarked for vaccination at the time of the study. Participants: Three hundred and twenty-five (325) participants aged ≥18 years, accessing care at the OPD of WMH and willing to give informed consent, were interviewed.Main outcome measures: The proportion of participants willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccine and its determinants. Results: Of 325 participants interviewed, 32 (9.8%) had been vaccinated already. 82.6% (242/293) indicated COVID19 vaccine acceptance among the unvaccinated. The major reason for vaccine acceptance was "it could protect against COVID-19" (96.7%, 234/242). "Fear of vaccine side effects and "perception of not being susceptible to COVID-19" were among the reasons for vaccine refusal. Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 (AOR 4.09, 95% CI 1.79, 9.34), knowledge of COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine (AOR 3.62, 95% CI 1.14, 11.46) and willingness to pay for the vaccine (AOR 5.20, 95% CI 2.49, 10.43) were associated with vaccine acceptance. Conclusions: Adequate knowledge of COVID-19 and the vaccine may drive vaccine acceptance in the study area and possibly other areas in Ghana. Campaign messages aimed at increasing COVID-19 vaccine coverage must emphasise its safety, likely side effects and management in order to help rid the population of misconceptions

Sociodemographic and medical characteristics of liver cirrhosis deaths in a Ghanaian tertiary hospital

Objective: Cirrhosis is common in Ghana because of its high risk factors prevalence. However, information on cirrhosis in Ghana is lacking. This study aimed to study the clinical, and laboratory characteristics of cirrhotic patients in a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Design: This was a retrospective study ofsociodemographic characteristics, symptoms and signs, biochemical and fibrotic indices, treatments, and complications data of 247 patients with cirrhosis who died on admission. Setting: This study was carried out at the Gastroenterology Unit of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana, Results: Two-thirds (68.0%) of the patients were within 30 to 60 years, with more than half (73.7%) being males. The most common aetiological factors among the patients were Hepatitis B virus infection (53.8%), alcohol use (31.6%) and Hepatitis C virus infection (4.9%). More than half (55.0%) of the patients reported late for admission, and 67.2% died within the first two weeks of admission. The most common clinical feature was abdominal distension (61.1% of patients), and the least was upper-abdominal mass (14.2%). The levels of most liver test parameters were elevated, fibrotic indices were high, and haemoglobin and albumin levels were reduced. More than half (53.8%) of the patients were in Child Pugh class B. The most common complication was hepatic encephalopathy; the least was hepato-renal syndrome. Definite treatment for complications of cirrhosis was lacking. Conclusion: Deaths from cirrhosis at the hospital were mostly of young males with chronic hepatitis B infection. Implementation of hepatitis B prevention and treatment guidelines can help reduce cirrhosis deaths.

Nigeria in the COVID era: Health system strengthening for national security and prosperity

The coronavirus disease­19 pandemic has spread to all parts of the world. As of 20 May 2022, over 500 million confirmed cases have occurred with over 6 million deaths. In Nigeria, over 255,000 cases have occurred with more than 3000 deaths. The pandemic has adversely affected virtually all aspects of human endeavour, with a severe impact on the health system. The Nigerian health system was ill prepared for the pandemic, and this further weakened it. The impacts of the pandemic on the health system include disruption of health services, low motivation of the health workforce, unresponsive leadership and poor funding. The national response, though initially weak, was ramped up to expand capacity building, testing, public enlightenment, creation of isolation and treatment centres and research. The funding for the national response was from the government, private sector and multilateral donors. Nigeria must comprehensively strengthen its health system through motivating and building the capacity of its human resources for health, improved service delivery and provision of adequate funding, to be better prepared against future pandemics.

Mobile colposcopy by trained nurses in a cervical cancer screening programme at Battor, Ghana

Objectives: Cervical precancer screening programs are difficult to establish in low resource settings partly because of a lack of human resource. Our aiming was to overcome this challenge. We hypothesized that this could be done through task shifting to trained nurses. Design: Descriptive retrospective cross-sectional review. Setting: Training was at the Cervical Cancer Prevention and Training Center (CCPTC) and screening was carried out at the clinic and at outreaches / peripheral facilities.Participants: All women who reported to the clinic for screening or were recruited during outreaches Interventions: All 4 nurses were trained for at least 2weeks (module 1). A total of 904 women were screened by the trained nurses using the EVA system. Quality assurance was ensured. Main outcome measures: Primary screening and follow-up were carried out by the trained nurses with quality assured through image sharing and meetings with peers and experienced gynaecologists. Results: 828 women had primary screening and 76 had follow-up screening. 739 (89.3%) were screened at the clinic and 89 (10.7%) at outreaches/peripheral facilities. Of all screened, 130 (14.5%) had cervical lesions, and 25 (2.8%) were treated, 12 (48.0%) by Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) performed by a gynaecologist, 11 (44.0%) with thermal coagulation by trained nurses except one, and 2 (8.0%) with cryotherapy by trained nurses. Conclusion: We demonstrate the utility of a model where nurses trained in basic colposcopy can be used to successfully implement a cervical precancer screening and treatment program in low-resource settings

Analysis of the status of scientific research funding and institutional to-characteristics of the National Natural Science Foundation of China in preventive medicine from 2010 to 2019 / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To review the funding status of the National Natural Science Foundation of China in the field of preventive medicine, summarize the characteristics of approved funding for sub-disciplines and institutions, to further analyze the effects of funding distribution.Methods:Descriptively analyze the funding status of the National Natural Science Foundation of China in the field of preventive medicine from 2010 to 2019, and analyze its aggregation effect by constructing a single funding strength and intensity index.Results:The project number, funding amount and number of research institutions have shown an overall upward trend. In the past 10 years, a total of 1.683 billion has been approved for funding, and the proportion in the Department of Health Sciences has remained at about 4%. Non-communicable disease epidemiology, human nutrition, and health toxicology are among the top three in terms of project number, funding amount, and number of grantee institutions. Sub-discipline funding is uneven, showing a phenomenon of development differentiation. The amount of approved funding, the number of institutions, and the strength of individual funding for universities are significantly higher than those of scientific research institutions and CDCs. The total amount of Top 10 funding accounted for 41.49%, which obviously showed a " head" effect.Conclusions:The Natural Science Foundation of China should continue to increase investment in the field of preventive medicine. Key breakthroughs in dominant disciplines, weaker disciplines make up for shortcomings, guide universities, research institutes, and CDCs to carry out inter-institutional project cooperation based on their respective advantages, and encourage interdisciplinary research to enhance discipline innovation capabilities.

Analysis of the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant support for the field of cataract study during the past ten years / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To analyze the funding status of cataract research funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2010 to 2019, and discuss the development focus on basic cataract research in the near future, so as to provide reference information for researchers in the field of cataract to understand the progress of basic research and apply for funding.<p>METHODS: The cataract research projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2010 to 2019 were counted. The categories of funded projects, project title, fund amount, applicant unit and region, approved year and key words were statistically analyzed. <p>RESULTS: In the past ten years, the number of cataract research projects and the amount of funding accounted for 9.35% and 9.72% of the total amount of the whole ophthalmology area respectively. The number of projects in ophthalmology and cataract research and the amount of aid received generally showed a wavy upward trend. The key words in the project setup are gradually increasing, and more and more inclined to mechanism research. With the development of computer aided technology, TALEN technology and total exon sequencing technology, cataract research presents a trend of integration of medicine and other disciplines. East China, especially Shanghai, ranks first in terms of the number of projects and funds received. Among the categories of projects, the number and funding are the largest among the general projects. In recent years, the number of the Youth Science Foundation projects has risen strongly, and even exceeds the general projects in some areas. <p>CONCLUSION: The focus of cataract research from 2010 to 2019 tends to be diversified. The integration of multi-disciplines and the application of new techniques and methods are prominent features. The fund amount and the level of research are unbalanced in regional development.

A retrospective analysis of the funding of respiratory projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2009 to 2019 / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To understand the status quo of basic research projects on respiratory diseases in China.Methods:Descriptive statistical methods were used to review the project number, funding input, funding categories and distribution of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) respiratory disease funding projects from 2009 to 2019.Results:according to the research, the number of NSFC respiratory projects and funding increased significantly, which promoted the development of respiratory science. However, due to the heavy burden of respiratory diseases, it is still necessary to increase the investment in respiratory diseases.Conclusions:taking into account of the importance of respiratory science, this paper suggests that NSFC should increase investment and support for respiratory diseases projects, strengthen the development of existing respiratory advantages, encourage cross-cutting and frontier research on respiration, cultivate a group of internationally influential scientists and research teams, and promote academic innovation in respiratory science.

Analysis and perspective of the grants funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China in the field of laboratory medicine from 2010 to 2021 / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To analyze and summarize the overall results of application and funded projects by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in the field of laboratory medicine from 2010 to 2021.Methods:Application and granting data in the field of laboratory medicine during 2010 and 2021 were collected from NSFC. Amount of funded projects, geographical distribution, supporting institution, distribution of keywords and representative research results in the field of laboratory medicine were analyzed. The overall characteristics of funded project in the past decades were summarized.Results:From 2010 to 2021, NSFC received a total of 7 746 project applications, among which 1 152 projects and a total of 506.317 million RMB were funded in the field of laboratory medicine. Project applications increased from 228 in 2010 to 1 184 in 2021. Among them, the number of funded projects increased from 36 in 2010 to 137 in 2021, accompanied by an increase in the amount of project grants from 10.12 million RMB in 2010 to 65.38 million RMB in 2021, but there is still a gap compared with other disciplines. In the field of laboratory medicine (H26), the sub-disciplines H2605 (molecular biological examination) and H2606 (new technologies and methods for laboratory medicine research) were the two directions with the highest number of funded grants, with a total of 688 grants, accounting for 59.7% (688/1 152) of the total funded grants. Among the region of funding, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, Chongqing, Zhejiang and Jiangsu were the top six regions with the successful funding, accounting for 60.2% (695/1 152) funded projects. Thirty supporting institutions received 826 grants in the field of laboratory medicine, accounting for 71.7% (826/1 152) funded projects. Among all the funded projects tumors (37.1%, 427/1 152), infectious diseases (26.9%, 310/1 152), circulatory diseases (5.3%, 61/1 152), autoimmune diseases (4.3%, 49/1 152), and endocrine and metabolic diseases (2.8%, 32/1 152) ranked the top disease types of successful funding; proteins (33.4%, 385/1 152), DNA (19.4%, 224/1 152), RNA (17.3%, 199/1 152), exosomes (6.0%, 69/1 152), and cells (5.9%, 68/1 152) ranked the top targets of successful funding; nanotechnology (6.0%, 69/1 152), mass spectrometry (3.0%, 34/1 152), probe technology (1.82%, 21/1 152), electrochemical technology (1.6%, 19/1 152), and second-generation sequencing technology (1.6%, 18/1 152) ranked the top technologies of funded projects. Within the last decade, many breakthroughs have been made by many distinguished national research groups in developing reference ranges, identifying novel biomarkers, and inventing novel laboratory medicine technologies.Conclusions:The number of projects and the total funding amount are increasing annually in the past decade in the field of laboratory medicine granted by NSFC. The funding of different secondary codes, regions and supporting units varies remarkably, and the scope of funded projects is wide. Many research groups have achieved landmark progress in novel biomarker identification and technology development. The overall level of research in the laboratory medicine is expected to be significantly improved in the future.

Crowdfunding e desempenho eleitoral no Brasil: análise estatística das eleições para deputado federal em 2018 / Crowdfunding y desempeño electoral en Brasil: análisis estadístico de las elecciones a diputado federal en 2018 / Crowdfunding and electoral performance in Brazil: statistical analysis of the elections for federal deputy in 2018

Resumo O artigo busca analisar o desempenho do financiamento coletivo (crowdfunding) como estratégia de arrecadação de recursos para a campanha eleitoral a deputado federal nas eleições de 2018. Também foi analisada a influência de características socioeconômicas e demográficas dos candidatos associada à decisão de adoção do financiamento coletivo como alternativa arrecadatória na campanha eleitoral. A metodologia utilizada foi a de regressão logística, considerando as seguintes variáveis independentes: valores arrecadados, escolaridade, idade, raça e estado civil do candidato, além de ideologia, tamanho e antiguidade do partido. As variáveis dependentes binárias foram: utilização ou não do crowdfunding e sucesso ou insucesso eleitoral. A fonte de dados foi o repositório de dados eleitorais do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), com informações de todos os candidatos a deputado federal, de todos os estados brasileiros, no pleito de 2018. Entre os resultados obtidos, encontra-se que o crowdfunding foi estatisticamente mais usado por candidatos brancos, jovens, de alta escolaridade e da região Sul. Há evidências também de que o crowdfunding seja uma estratégia eleitoral utilizada sobretudo por candidatos de partidos de criação recente, de esquerda, centro-esquerda ou de direita - os de centro e centro-direita tiveram menor utilização -, e daqueles com maior bancada. Por fim, o modelo econométrico aponta um acréscimo médio de 5,55 pontos percentuais na probabilidade de sucesso eleitoral dos candidatos que se valeram do crowdfunding.

Resumen El artículo busca analizar el desempeño del crowdfunding como estrategia de captación de fondos para la campaña electoral de diputado federal en las elecciones generales de Brasil en 2018. También se analizó la influencia de las características socioeconómicas y demográficas de los candidatos asociada a la decisión de adoptar el financiamiento colectivo como alternativa de recaudación en la campaña electoral. Se utilizó la metodología de regresión logística considerando las siguientes variables independientes: valores recaudados, nivel de instrucción, edad, raza y estado civil del candidato, además de la ideología, tamaño y antigüedad de su partido político. Las variables dependientes binarias fueron: uso o no de crowdfunding y éxito o fracaso electoral. La fuente de datos fue el Tribunal Superior Electoral de Brasil (TSE), con información de todos los candidatos a diputado federal en la elección de 2018. Entre los resultados alcanzados está que el crowdfunding fue estadísticamente más utilizado por candidatos blancos, jóvenes y de alto nivel de escolaridad y de la región sur de Brasil. También hay evidencia de que el crowdfunding es una estrategia electoral utilizada especialmente por candidatos de partidos de reciente creación, de izquierda, centro-izquierda o derecha (los de centro y centro-derecha registraron menos uso) y tamaño de los partidos políticos. Finalmente, el modelo econométrico apunta a un aumento promedio del 5,55 puntos porcentuales en la probabilidad de éxito electoral de los candidatos que utilizaron el crowdfunding.

Abstract The article seeks to analyze the performance of crowdfunding as a fundraising strategy in the election campaign for the Brazilian Congress in the 2018 general elections. The article also analyzes the influence of the socioeconomic and demographic profiles of the candidates associated with the decision to adopt crowdfunding. The methodology used was logistic regression, considering the following independent variables: funds raised, education, age, race, and marital status of the candidate, in addition to the party's ideology, size, and age of the party. The binary dependent variables were: use of crowdfunding (or not) and the campaign's outcome. The data source was the Electoral Data Repository of the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court (TSE), with information from all candidates running for federal deputy in all Brazilian states in the 2018 general elections. The resulting analysis shows that crowdfunding was statistically more used by white, young, highly educated candidates from the Southern region of Brazil. There is also evidence that crowdfunding is an electoral strategy used especially by candidates from recently created parties, from the left, center-left or right (those in the center and center-right did not use crowdfunding as frequently) and larger parties. Finally, the econometric model points to an average increase of 5.55 percentage points in the probability of electoral success of candidates using crowdfunding.

Relações público-privadas no sistema de saúde do Chile: regulação, financiamento e provisão de serviços / Public-private relations in Chile's health system: regulation, funding and service delivery

Resumo O artigo analisa a configuração das relações público-privadas no sistema de saúde do Chile, no período de 2000 a 2018. As dimensões de análise abordaram a organização e a regulação, o financiamento e a prestação de serviços de saúde. Foram utilizadas como técnicas de pesquisa: revisão bibliográfica, análise de documentos e de dados secundários e entrevistas. Três principais achados foram observados. Na dimensão organizacional e regulatória observou-se escassez de mecanismos institucionais que atenuem a seleção de riscos e vinculação do acesso à capacidade de contribuição dos afiliados do subsistema privado. O modelo de financiamento adotado foi insuficiente para a manutenção do sistema público. Em relação à prestação, apesar da implementação de estratégias que sugerem avanços, a fragmentação do sistema e a compra de serviços privados mantêm a segmentação do sistema. No sistema de saúde chileno, o caráter das relações público-privadas nas dimensões analisadas reitera a segmentação entre grupos populacionais produzidos pela lógica de priorização dos mercados na saúde. As reformas implementadas no período de análise atenuaram os efeitos da segmentação, mas não foram capazes de produzir mudanças estruturais na configuração do sistema de saúde.

Abstract This article analyzes the configuration of public-private relations in Chile's health system between 2000 and 2018, focusing on organization and regulation, funding and service delivery. The following data collection methods were employed: literature review, content analysis of official documents and secondary data, and semi-structured interviews. With regard to organization and regulation, the findings show a lack of institutional mechanisms to mitigate risk selection and that access to private services is intimately linked to ability to pay. The funding model is incapable of sustaining the public health system. With respect to service delivery, despite the implementation of strategies that suggest advances, the segmentation of the system is sustained by the fragmentation of care and purchase of private services. Our findings show that the nature of public-private relations in Chile's health system reinforces the segmentation of population groups produced by the market-oriented approach. Although the reforms implemented during the study period mitigate the effects of segmentation, they were unable to produce structural changes in the configuration of the health system.

Dinheiro e sucesso eleitoral em 2008, 2012 e 2016 no Brasil / Dinero y éxito electoral en 2008; 2012 y 2016 en Brasil / Money and success in the 2008, 2012, and 2016 local elections in Brazil

Resumo A intimidade entre dinheiro e voto tem sido exposta nas democracias contemporâneas por meio de sua influência nos resultados eleitorais e na produção de políticas públicas. Estudos apontam que a progressiva iniquidade entre os recursos financeiros dos candidatos nas eleições abala a democracia e promove a plutocracia, ou seja, amplia o domínio oligárquico dos processos políticos pelos cidadãos e pelos grupos mais ricos. Contribuindo para esse debate, o presente trabalho analisa a relação entre receitas de financiamento e o desempenho e o sucesso eleitoral de 317.107 candidaturas a vereador nas eleições de 2008, 2012 e 2016, em 441 municípios brasileiros com mais de 50 mil eleitores. Trata-se de um estudo inédito em sua abrangência temporal, que permite suprir uma carência de exames sobre eleições subnacionais, em especial nas disputas ao Legislativo municipal. Os dados utilizados têm origem no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, nas tabelas de candidaturas, nos resultados e na prestação de contas. Os testes e as análises de dados e informações utilizam recursos estatísticos de correlação e regressão, além de medidas centrais e razão de chances. Os resultados permitem confirmar uma forte associação entre dinheiro, voto e sucesso eleitoral, inclusive no pleito de 2016, quando estiveram proibidas as doações empresariais. A manutenção de um padrão, tanto temporal quanto geográfico, indica a existência de características estruturais de caráter plutocrático no financiamento eleitoral dos candidatos a vereador nas cidades pesquisadas e, consequentemente, sobre a produção de políticas públicas no Brasil.

Resumen La intimidad entre dinero y voto ha sido expuesta en las democracias contemporáneas a través de su influencia en los resultados electorales y en la producción de políticas públicas. Los estudios muestran que la desigualdad progresiva entre los recursos financieros de los candidatos en las elecciones debilita la democracia y promueve la plutocracia, es decir, aumenta el dominio oligárquico en los procesos políticos por parte de los ciudadanos y grupos más ricos. Contribuyendo a este debate, el presente trabajo analiza la relación entre los ingresos por financiamiento y el desempeño y el éxito electoral de 317.107 candidatos a concejal en las elecciones de 2008, 2012 y 2016 en 441 municipios brasileños con más de 50 mil votantes. Es un estudio sin precedentes en su alcance temporal que permite suplir la falta de estudios sobre elecciones subnacionales, especialmente en disputas relacionadas con el Poder Legislativo Municipal. Los datos utilizados provienen del Tribunal Superior Electoral, de los cuadros de candidaturas, resultados y rendición de cuentas. Las pruebas y análisis de datos e información utilizan recursos estadísticos de correlación y regresión, además de medidas centrales y razón de probabilidades. Los resultados confirman una fuerte asociación entre dinero, votación y éxito electoral, incluso en las elecciones de 2016, cuando se prohibieron las donaciones corporativas. El mantenimiento de un patrón tanto temporal como geográfico indica la existencia de características estructurales de carácter plutocrático en el financiamiento electoral de los candidatos a concejal en las ciudades encuestadas y, en consecuencia, en la producción de políticas públicas en Brasil.

Abstract The close relationship between money and votes has been exposed in contemporary democracies through the influence of the former in election results and in the creation of public policies. Studies have pointed out that the progressive inequity of financial resources available to the candidates running for elections unbalances democracy and promotes plutocracy, increasing the oligarchical ruling over the political processes by the wealthiest citizens and groups. This work contributes to this debate by analyzing the relationship between fundraising and electoral performance and the success of 317,107 candidates running in local legislative elections in 2008, 2012, and 2016 in 441 Brazilian municipalities with over 50,000 inhabitants. This is an unprecedented study regarding its period, filling a gap in electoral studies on sub-national elections, particularly regarding elections for the legislative branch. Data was collected from the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court, from candidate lists, results, and accounting. The tests and data analysis and information employed correlation and regression statistical resources, along with central measures and odds ratio. The results confirmed a strong association between money, vote, and electoral success, including in the 2016 election when company donations had been prohibited. The maintenance of a pattern, regarding both time and geography, indicates the existence of structural characteristics of a plutocratic character in the election funding of those running for the council in the municipalities studied and, consequently, in the creation of public policies in Brazil.